Part 1: Political Behaviors
PC1. Electoral participation vs abstention
PC2. Electoral behavior
PC3. Different forms of political participation

Part 2: Political Attitudes
PC4. Political preferences
PC5. Political sophistication and interest
PC6. Political trust and satisfaction

Students can choose to complete the curricular unit through assessment throughout the semester or by exam.

The assessment throughout the semester has the following components:

a) Class participation and practical exercises (25%) – Value is placed on relevant contributions that demonstrate engagement with the subject matter, attentive behaviour during lessons, participation in debates, and the outcomes of exercises carried out in class.

b) Essay proposal (25%) – A preliminary plan for the individual essay (component c), including a research question and a brief literature review (max. 300 words), as well as a preliminary bibliography (max. 20 references). This is submitted in writing and will receive feedback from the lecturer to support the development of the final essay.

c) Individual written essay (50%) – A literature review on a topic related to the course unit, written in a structured and critical manner. The essay should be guided by a clear research question and may optionally include the presentation and discussion of empirical data (max. 5000 words, excluding references, figures, and tables).

All assessment components are mandatory.

Mandatory

Berinsky, Adam (ed, 2020), New Directions in Public Opinion. Londres: Routledge.
Dalton, Russell (2019), Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies (7.ª ed.). Londres: Sage.
Dalton, Russell e Hans-Dieter Klingemann (eds, 2007), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Freire, André (2022), Left and Right: meaning and correlates in new and long consolidated democracies, Moldova: Eliva Press.
Fisher, Justin, et al (eds, 2018), The Routledge Handbook of Elections, Voting Behavior and Public Opinion, Londres: Routledge.
Lobo, Marina Costa e Ana Espírito-Santo (2023), O Eleitorado Português no Século XXI. Lisboa: Tinta da china.
van Deth, Jan, José Ramón Montero e Anders Westholm (eds, 2007), Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: a comparative analysis. Londres: Routledge.

Optional

Albertson, B., & Gadarian, S. K. (2015). Anxious politics: Democratic citizenship in a threatening world. Cambridge University Press.
Bartolini, S., & Mair, P. (1990). Identity, competition, and electoral availability: The stabilisation of European electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge University Press.
Benedetto, G., Hix, S., & Mastrorocco, N. (2020). The rise and fall of social democracy, 1918–2017. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 928–939.
Bischof, D., & Wagner, M. (2019). Do voters polarize when radical parties enter parliament? American Journal of Political Science, 63(4), 888–904.
Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388–405.
Brady, H. E., Verba, S., & Schlozman, K. L. (1995). Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 271–294.
Chandra, K. (2006). What is ethnic identity and does it matter? Annual Review of Political Science, 9(1), 397–424.
Choi, D. D., Poertner, M., & Sambanis, N. (2019). Parochialism, social norms, and discrimination against immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(33), 16274–16279.
Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent (pp. 206–261). Free Press.
Costa, E., Silva, P., & Espírito-Santo, A. (2024). Género e voto em Portugal: onde está o gender gap? In M. C. Lobo & A. Espírito-Santo (Eds.), O Eleitorado Português no Século XXI. Tinta da China.
Dalton, R. J. (2021). The representation gap and political sophistication: A contrarian perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 54(5), 889–917.
Dalton, R., van Sickle, A., & Weldon, S. (2010). The Individual-Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 51-73.
Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. Yale University Press.
Dinas, E., & Northmore-Ball, K. (2020). The ideological shadow of authoritarianism. Comparative Political Studies, 53(12), 1957–1991.
Duch, R. M., & Stevenson, R. T. (2008). The economic vote: How political and economic institutions condition election results. Cambridge University Press.
Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Wiley.
Easton, D. (1975). A re-assessment of the concept of political support. British Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 435–457.
Fernandes, J. M., & Won, M. (2023). The unintended consequences of amplifying the radical right on Twitter. Political Communication, 40(6), 742–767.
Fernandes, J. M., Lopes da Fonseca, M., & Won, M. (2024). Political competition and the effectiveness of gender quotas: Evidence from Portugal. The Journal of Politics, 86(1), 183-198.
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008). Political polarization in the American public. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 563–588.
Flanagan, S. C., & Lee, A. R. (2003). The new politics, culture wars, and the authoritarian-libertarian value change in advanced industrial democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 36(3), 235–270.
Freire, A. (2001). Modelos do Comportamento Eleitoral: Uma breve introdução crítica. Celta Editora.
Freire, A. (2022). Left and Right: Meaning and correlates in new and long consolidated democracies. Eliva Press.
Freire, A., Carvalho, H., & Queiroga, V. (2024). Polarização partidária e voto ideológico em Portugal. In M. C. Lobo & A. Espírito-Santo (Eds.), O Eleitorado Português no Século XXI. Tinta da China.
Garzia, D., Reiljan, A., Ferreira da Silva, F., & Trechsel, A. (2025). Affective Polarization. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1981
Gerber, A. S., Green, D. P., & Larimer, C. W. (2008). Social pressure and voter turnout: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 33–48.
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2014). Public attitudes toward immigration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 225–249.
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2015). The hidden American immigration consensus: A conjoint analysis of attitudes toward immigrants. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 529–548.
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2018). Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(1), 109–135.
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2025). How does the education cleavage stack up against the classic cleavages of the past? West European Politics (Online First).
Hooghe, L., Marks, G., & Kamphorst, J. (2025). Field of education and political behavior: Predicting GAL/TAN voting. American Political Science Review, 119(2), 794–811.
Hopkins, D. J., Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2019). The muted consequences of correct information about immigration. The Journal of Politics, 81(1), 315–320.
Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity. Political Psychology, 22(1), 127–156.
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015). Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 690–707.
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431.
Krause, W., Cohen, D., & Abou-Chadi, T. (2023). Does accommodation work? Mainstream party strategies and the success of radical right parties. Political Science Research and Methods, 11(1), 172–179.
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921–956.
Lawless, J. L., & Fox, R. L. (2010). It still takes a candidate: Why women don't run for office. Cambridge University Press.
Levi, M., & Stoker, L. (2000). Political trust and trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 475–507.
Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments: An introduction. In S. M. Lipset & S. Rokkan (Eds.), Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives (pp. 1–64). Free Press.
Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (1998). The Democratic Dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? Cambridge University Press.
Luskin, R. C. (1987). Measuring political sophistication. American Journal of Political Science, 31(4), 856–899.
Magalhães, P. C. (2017). Regime support. In J. Fisher et al. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Elections, Voting Behavior and Public Opinion (pp. 416–428). Routledge.
Marcus, G. E., & MacKuen, M. (1993). Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 672–685.
Posner, D. N. (2004). The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi. American Political Science Review, 98(4), 529–545.
Reiljan, A., Garzia, D., Ferreira da Silva, F., & Trechsel, A. H. (2024). Patterns of affective polarization toward parties and leaders across the democratic world. American Political Science Review, 118(2), 654–670.
Riker, W. H., & Ordeshook, P. C. (1968). A theory of the calculus of voting. American Political Science Review, 62(1), 25–42.
Santana-Pereira, J., & Cancela, J. (2020). Demand without supply? Populist attitudes and voting behaviour in post-bailout Portugal. South European Society and Politics, 25(2), 205–228.
Stockemer, D. (2017). What affects voter turnout? A review article/meta-analysis of aggregate research. Government and Opposition, 52(4), 698–722.
Teperoglou, E., & Tsatsanis, E. (2011). A new divide? The impact of globalisation on national party systems. West European Politics, 34(6), 1207–1228.
Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2018). The continuous expansion of citizen participation: A new taxonomy. European Political Science Review, 10(1), 139–163.
Valentim, V. (2021). Parliamentary representation and the normalization of radical right support. Comparative Political Studies, 54(14), 2475–2511.
van Deth, J., Montero, J. R., & Westholm, A. (Eds.). (2007). Citizenship and Involvement in European Democracies: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge.
Vries, C. E., & Hobolt, S. B. (2020). Political entrepreneurs: The rise of challenger parties in Europe. Princeton University Press.
Weiss, C. M. (2021). Diversity in health care institutions reduces Israeli patients’ prejudice toward Arabs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(14), e2022634118.
Zaller, J., & Feldman, S. (1992). A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36(3), 579–616.

I. Introduction to Public Opinion: When Polls Fail
II. History of Public Opinion
III. Mediatization and Public Opinion
IV. The Political Institutionalization of Public Opinion
V. Two-Step Flow of Communication
VI. Agenda-Setting and Public Opinion: Media Effects
VII. The Third-Person Effect in Communication
VIII. Public Opinion in the Digital Era

Students may choose between either assessment throughout the semester or the final exam. Only students who have completed their presentations in class will be allowed to submit work during the 1st Assessment Period.

Assessment throughout the semester comprises the following elements:

Oral Presentation on a Case Study (35%)
The student must develop a current news topic, either national or global, according to the parameters taught in one of the course modules. The case study presentation (based on news media) will be done in groups and must not exceed 10 minutes, with 5 minutes reserved for comments.

Final Individual Assignment (60%)
The student is required to submit, via the ISCTE-IUL Moodle platform, a final individual paper (3,000 words) in which they develop the topic previously presented in class with greater complexity. This will involve integrating, in their analysis, relevant theories and debates discussed in the module. The expected higher level of sophistication also involves incorporating the feedback provided by the instructor during the presentation.

Collaboration in the Classroom (5%)
Collaboration in the classroom evaluates the student's ability to work cooperatively in a classroom setting, contributing positively to collective learning and demonstrating communication skills and team spirit.

Mandatory

Álvares, C. (2024) “A História não é bem como a Contam”: Lutas pelo Controlo da Mente do Cidadão Comum e a sua Legitimação Científica nos Primórdios da Comunicação de Massas. In A Nova Comunicação (org. G. Cardoso). Lisboa: Almedina, pp. 61-78.
Conners, J. L. (2005). Understanding the Third-Person Effect. Communication Research Trends, 24(2), 2-21.
Katz, E. (1957). The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 21(1), 61-78.
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1995). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. In Oliver Boyd-Barrett & Chris Newbold (Eds.), Approaches to Media: A Reader (pp. 153-163). London: Arnold.
Splichal, S. (1997). Political Institutionalisation of Public Opinion through Polling. Javnost – The Public, 4(2), 17-38.
Strömbäck, J. (2008). Four Phases of Mediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228-246.

Optional

Brosius, H. B., & Weimann, G. (1996). Who Sets the Agenda?: Agenda-Setting as a Two-Step Flow. Communication Research, 23(5), 561–580.Davison, W. P. (1983). The Third-Person Effect in Communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1-15.
Bruns, A. (2019). It’s Not the Technology, Stupid: How the ‘Echo Chamber’ and ‘Filter Bubble’ Metaphors Have Failed Us. Paper presented at the IAMCR 2019 Conference in Madrid, Spain, 7-11 July 2019. Submission nº 19771 (Mediated Communication, Public Opinion and Society Section).
Duguay, S. (2017). Social Media’s Breaking News: The Logic of Automation in Facebook Trending Topics and Twitter Moments. Media International Australia, 166(1), 20-33.
Flaxman, S. R., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 298-320.
Rieffel, R. (2003). Os Media, a Opinião Pública e o Espaço Público. In Joaquim Fidalgo & Manuel Pinto (Eds.), Sociologia dos Media. Porto: Porto Editora, Col. Comunicação, pp. 33-53.
Silva Junior, J. A. da, Procópio, P. P., & Santos Melo, M. dos. (2008). Entrevista a Maxwell McCombs: Um Panorama da Teoria do Agendamento, 35 anos depois de sua formulação. Intercom – Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação, 31(2), 205-221.

1. Introduction to Political Campaigns
2. Campaigns: Definition, Typologies and Evolution
3. Messages, activities, the old and the new media in the campaigns
4.Analysis of Campaigns in Legislative, Second Order Elections and referenda
5.Contemporary Political Campaigns: Issues and Debates

I - Regular Assessment:

1. Individual paper: Analysis of a political campaign or an aspect of campaigns (2500 words) - 40%. In Portuguese, English or Italian.
2. Presentation in class (30%). In English or Portuguese.
3. Multiple choice test (20%)
4. Participation in class (10%)

Regular assessment requires students to attend at least 70% of the classes.

II- Written exam covering all the contents of this course (100% of final grade)

Mandatory

Vavreck, L. (2009). The message matters. The economy and presidential campaigns. Princeton: PUP.
Santana Pereira, J. (2016). Política e entretenimento. Lisboa: FFMS.
Schmitt-Beck, R., & Farrel, D. (2002). Do political campaigns matter? Campaign effects in elections and referendums. London: Routledge.
O'Day, B. J. (2006). Political campaign planning manual, A step by step guide to winning elections. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Disponível Online.
Powell, L., and Cowart, J. (2017). Political Campaign Communication: Inside and Out (3rd Edition). Nova Iorque: Routledge.
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: CUP.

Optional

Freire, A. (2008). Sociedade civil, democracia participativa e poder político: o caso do referendo do aborto, 2007. Lisboa: Fundação Friedrich Ebert.
Martins, M. M. (2009). Competitividade das Eleições e Participação Política (o caso das eleições Autárquicas, 1979-2005) In Maria Antonieta Cruz (org.), Eleições e Sistemas Eleitorais: Perspectivas Históricas e Políticas (pp. 263-292). Porto: Universidade do Porto Editorial.

Jalali, C., & Silva, T. (2011). Everyone Ignores Europe? Party Campaigns and Media Coverage in the 2009 European Parliament Elections. In Maier, M., Stromback, J., & Kaid, L. L. (Eds.) Political communication in European parliamentary elections. Ashgate Publishing.

Espírito Santo, P. 2008. Estudos de comunicação política ? Análise de conteúdo da mensagem na campanha e pós-campanha eleitoral nas eleições presidenciais (Caps. 1 e 2). Lisboa: ISCSP.

Cintra Torres, E. (2009). Debates presidenciais na televisão: À procura de interesse, avaliação e efeitos. In M. C. Lobo & P. Magalhães (eds.), As eleiçõies legislativas e presidenciais 2005-2006: Campanhas e escolhas eleitorais num regime semipresidencial (pp. 75-104). Lisboa: ICS.

Lisi, M. (2011). A profissionalização das campanhas em Portugal: partidos e candidatos nas eleições legislativas de 2009. Revista de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2, 109-128.

Lisi, M. (2008). Ao serviço do líder: as campanhas eleitorais do Partido Socialista. Análise social, (188), 505-529.

Fournier, P., Nadeau, R., Blais, A., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (2004). Time-of-voting decision and susceptibility to campaign effects. Electoral Studies, 23(4), 661-681.

Eveland Jr, W. P., Seo, M., & Marton, K. (2002). Learning from the news in campaign 2000: An experimental comparison of TV news, newspapers, and online news. Media Psychology, 4(4), 353-378.

Swetser, K. D., & Lariscy, R. W. (2008). Candidates make good friends: An analysis of candidates' uses of Facebook. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2(3), 175-198.

Jackson, N. (2006). Banking Online: the use of the Internet by political parties to build relationships with voters. In D. Lilleker, N. Jackson and R. Scullion, (Eds.), The Marketing of Political Parties: Political Marketing at the 2005 British General Election (pp. 156-182). Manchester: MUP.

?Jeff? Gulati, G. J., & Williams, C. B. (2010). Congressional candidates' use of YouTube in 2008: Its frequency and rationale. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7(2-3), 93-109.

Sides, J. (2006). The origins of campaign agendas. British Journal of Political Science, 36, 407-436.

Lock, A., & Harris, P. (1996). Political marketing. European Journal of marketing, 30(10/11), 14-24.

Pina, S. (2018). O uso da internet pelos políticos em campanhas eleitorais : Portugal legislativas 2015. Tese de Doutoramento em Política Comparada. Lisboa: ICS.

Santana Pereira, J. (2017). Comunicação Política em Campanhas Eleitorais: Contributos teóricos para a análise das legislativas de 2016 em Cabo Verde. In L. Pina, G. Pina and O. Varela (eds.), Estudos em Comemoração do X Aniversário do ISCJS: Dinâmicas Sociológicas, Estado e Direito (pp. 223-260). Praia: ISCJS.

Mazzoleni, G. (2012). La comunicazione politica. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Cacciotto, M. (2011). Marketing politico: Come vincere le elezioni e governare. Bologna: Il Mulino.

The program is structured in the following points:
CP1 | Concepts and theories of public opinion
CP2 | Cognitive bases of public opinion: impression formation, attitude development and change, causal attribution
CP3 | Socio-psychological factors of public opinion: social representations; social influence; group effects; social desirability; spiral of silence
CP4 | Media and public opinion: information, persuasion, cognitive effects
CP5 | Opinion polls: sampling, representativeness and interpretation of results
CP6 | Data and trends on the current public opinion
CP7 | Importance and consequences of public opinion in terms of political representation and responsiveness

1) Attendance equal or greater than 70% and participation in the discussions and practical exercises to be held in sessions (20%);
2) Presentation and discussion of a scientific paper on a relevant topic of the program (30%);
3) Individual written essay, about ten pages (Times New Roman 12, 1.5 space between lines) on any of the topics covered in the course unit, under the terms to be determined during classes (50%).
As an alternative, assessment by exam: written test (100%).
To be approved, students must have higher final grades than 9.5.

Mandatory

ASHER, Herbert (2016), Polling and the Public. What Every Citizen Should Know, 9ª ed., Washington: Congressional Quarterly.
BARTELS, Larry (2018), Unequal Democracy, 2ª ed., Princeton e Oxford: PUP.
BETHLEHEM, Jelke (2018), Understanding Public Opinion Polls, Boca Raton, CRC Press.
CLAWSON, Rosalee A., e Zoe M. OXLEY (2020), Public Opinion: Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice, 4ªed., Edition. Washington: CQ Press.
DALTON, Russell J. (2019), Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, 7ª ed., Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
GLYNN, Carol; Herbst, Susan; Lindeman, Mark; O'Keefe, Garrett, e Shapiro, Robert (2018), Public Opinion, 3ª ed., Oxford: Westview Press.
MAGALHÃES, Pedro (2011), Sondagens, Eleições e Opinião Pública, Lisboa, Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos.
ZALLER, John (1992), The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, Cambridge, CUP.

Optional

ACHEN, Christopher H. e Larry M. BARTELS (2017), Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government, Princeton e Oxford, Princeton University Press.
ALTHAUS, Scott L. (2006), False starts, dead ends, and new opportunities in public opinion research, Critical Review, 18 (1-3), pp.75-104.
ALTHAUS, Scott L. (2003), Collective Preferences in Democratic Politics. Opinion Surveys and the Will of the People, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
BARBER, Benjamim (1984), Strong Democracy. Participation Politics for a New Age, Barkeley e Londres, University of California Press.
BARTELS, L. (2015), The social welfare deficit: Public opinion, policy responsiveness, and political inequality in affluent democracies, paper apresentado na 22ª International Conference of Europeanists; 8-10 Julho, Paris, França.
BARTELS, Larry M. (1993), "Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure", American Political Science Review, 87(2), pp.267-285.
BERINSKY, A. (2019), New Directions in Public Opinion, 3ª ed., Nova Iorque e Londres: Routledge.
BISHOP, George F. e Stephen T. MOCKABEE (2011), Taking the pulse of public opinion: Leading and Misleading indicators of the state and the nation, Nova Iorque: Springer.
BISHOP, George F. (2004), The illusion of public opinion: Fact and artifact in American public opinion polls, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Oxford.
DE VREESE, C., e BOOMGAARDEN, H. (2006), Media Effects on Public Opinion about the Enlargement of the European Union, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(2), pp.419-436.
ENNS, P., e C. Wlezien (eds.) (2011), Who Gets Represented? Nova Iorque, Russell Sage Foundation.
ERIKSON, Robert S., e Kent L. TEDIN (2015), American Public Opinion, 9ª. ed., Nova Iorque: Routlegde.
ERIKSON, Robert S, MACKUEN, Michael B., e STIMSON, James A. (2002), The Macro Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
FOURNIER, Patrick et al. (2011), When Citizens Decide: Lessons from Citizens' Assemblies on Electoral Reform, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
GILENS, Martin (2005), Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness, Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5), pp.778-796.
GIGER, N., J. ROSSET, e J. Bernauer (2012), ?The poor political representation of the poor in a comparative perspective?, Representation, 48(1): 47-61.
HOULE, Christian (2018), Does economic inequality breed political inequality? Democratization, 25(8): pp.1500-1518.
IYENGAR, Shanto (2016), Media Politics: A Citizen?s Guide, 3ª ed., Nova Iorque, W.W. Norton & Company.
JACOBS, Lawrence R., e Robert Y. SHAPIRO (2000), Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
KELLY, Nathan J., e Peter K. ENNS (2010), "Inequality and the Dynamics of Public Opinion: The Self-Reinforcing Link Between Economic Inequality and Mass Preferences", American Journal of Political Science, vol. 54, nº.4, pp.855-870.
HIBBING, John, e Elizabeth THEISS-MORSE (2002), Stealth Democracy: Americans Beliefs about How Government Should Work, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.
HOPPMAN, D. (2012), The consequences of political disagreement in interpersonal communication: New insights from a comparative perspective, European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), pp.265-287.
LAVRAKAS, Paul J. e Michael W. TRAUGOTT (eds.) (2000), Election Polls, the News Media, and Democracy, New York, Chatham House.
LEEPER, Thomas, e Rune SLOTHUUS (2014), "Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation", Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Suplem. 1, pp.129-156.
LEWIS, Justin (2001), Constructing Public Opinion, Nova Iorque, Columbia University Press.
LEWIS-BECK, Michael; William G. JACOBY, Helmut NORPOTH, e Herbert WEISBERG (2008), The American Voter Revisited, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
McCOMBS, Maxwell (2014), Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and Public Opinion, 2ª ed., Cambridge: Polity Press.
MUTZ, Diana (1998), Impersonal Influence, Cambridge: CUP.
NOELLE-NEUMANN, Elisabeth (1977), "Turbulences in the Climate of Opinion: Methodological Applications of the Spiral of Silence", The Public Opinion Quarterly, 41(2), pp.143-158.
MOON, Nick (1999), Opinion Polls, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
NOELLE-NEUMANN, Elisabeth (1993), The Spiral of Silence, Chicago: Chicago University Press.
NORRANDER, Barbara e Clyde WILCOX (2010), Understanding Public Opinion, Washington, CQ Press.
NORRIS, Pippa (1999), Critical Citizens, Oxford, OUP.
PAGE, Benjamin I. (2007), "Is public opinion an illusion?", Critical Review, 19(1), pp.35-45.
PAGE, Benjamin e Robert SHAPIRO (1992), The Rational Public, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
PETERS, Y., e J. ENSINK (2015), Differential responsiveness in Europe: The effects of preference difference and electoral participation, West European Politics, 38(3): pp.577-600.
PRICE, Vicent (2011), "Public opinion research in the new century", Public Opinion Research, 78(5), pp.846-853.
ROSSET, J., N. GIGER, e J. BERNAUER (2013), ?More money, fewer problems? Cross-level effects of economic deprivation on political representation?, West European Politics, 36(4): pp.817?835.
SCHEUFELE, D. A. (2000), Agenda setting, priming and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication, Mass Communication and Society, 3 (2&3): pp.297-316.
SCHEUFELE, D., e P. MOY (2000), Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12(1): pp.3-28.
SCHEUFELE, D. A., e D. TEWKSBURY (2007), Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models, Journal of Communication, 57(1); pp.9-20.
SNIDERMAN, Paul, Richard BRODY, e Philip TETLOCK (1991), Reasoning and Choice. Explorations in Political Psychology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
STIMSON, James A.; Michael B. MACKUEN, e Robert S. ERIKSON (1995), "Dynamic Representation", American Political Science Review, 83 (3), pp.543?65.
SOROKA, Stuart e Christopher WLEZIEN (2010), Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion and Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
SOROKA, S., et al. (2013), Auntie knows best? Public broadcasters and current affairs knowledge, British Journal of Political Science, 43(4): pp.719-739.
THOMSON, Robert, Terry ROYED, Elin NAURIN, Joaquín ARTÉS, Rory COSTELLO, Laurenz ENNSER-JEDENASTIK, Mark FERGUNSON, Petia KOSTADINOVA, Catherine MOURY, François PÉTRY, e Katrin PRAPROTNIK (2017), The fulfillment of parties' election pledges: A comparative study on the impact of power sharing. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), pp.527-542.
URA, J. D. e C. R. Ellis (2008), Income, preferences, and the dynamics of policy responsiveness, PS: Political Science & Politics, 41(4): pp.785?794.
VERBA, S., N.H. Nie, e J. Kim (1978) Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

(CP1) From E-Government to E-Governance
Fundamental concepts, historical evolution, and emerging trends
Digital governance models and their relationship with public policies
Digital transformation and prospective challenges in public policy: macrostructural impacts and challenges

(CP2) E-Administration and Public Management
Digitalization of administrative processes and interoperability
Data and artificial intelligence in public management
Cybersecurity and data protection

(CP3) E-Services and the designthinking in Public Services
Digital delivery of public services and automation
Use of artificial intelligence and big data in policy formulation
Digital platforms and citizen-centered service delivery models

(CP4) E-Democracy and Digital Participation
Digital participation mechanisms (open government, participatory budgeting, online petitions)
Transparency and accountability in digital government
Ethical, political, and regulatory challenges of digital democracy

Continuous Assessment:
(AE1) In-Class Participation (10%).
(AE2) Group presentation of a case study / work (30%).
(AE3) Individual written essay on one of the topics analyzed during the semester (60%).

Final assessment:
Written exam on the topics analysed during the semester (100%)

Mandatory

Bindu, N., C. P. Sankar, & K. S. Kumar. (2019). From conventional governance to e-democracy: Tracing the evolution of e-governance research trends using network analysis tools. Government Information Quarterly, 36(3), 385–399 / Fisher, E. (2012). E-governance and e-democracy: Questioning technology-centered categories. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Governance. Oxford University Press / Iuliano, G., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., & Bisogno, M. (2025). Citizens’ e-participation in the digital world: Empirical insights from Europe. Public Money & Management, 45(1), 12–21 / Milakovich, M. E. (2012). Digital governance: New technologies for improving public service and participation. Routledge / Osborne, S. P., et al. (2022). Digital transformation, artificial intelligence and effective public services: Challenges and opportunities. Global Public Policy and Governance, 2(4), 377–380 / Ronchi, A. M. (2019). E-citizens: Toward a new model of (inter)active citizenry. Springer

Optional

Baxter, D. J. (2017). E-governance and e-participation via online citizen budgets and electronic lobbying: Promises and challenges. World Affairs, 180(4), 4–24 / Chadwick, A. (2003). Bringing e-democracy back in: Why it matters for future research on e-governance. Social Science Computer Review, 21(4), 443–455 / Dawes, S. S. (2008). The evolution and continuing challenges of e-governance. Public Administration Review, 68, S86–S102 / Dunleavy, P. (2006). Digital Era Governance – IT Corporations, the State and e-Government. Oxford University Press / Filgueiras, F., Flávio, C., & Palotti, P. (2019). Digital transformation and public service delivery in Brazil. Latin American Policy, 10(2), 195–219 / Gassmann, O., Böhm, J., & Palmié, M. (2019). Smart cities: Introducing digital innovation to cities. Emerald Publishing Limited / Hilbert, M. (2009). The maturing concept of e-democracy: From e-voting and online consultations to democratic value out of jumbled online chatter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(2), 87–110 / Madon, S., & Madon, S. (2009). e-Governance for Development. Palgrave Macmillan UK / Mikhaylovskaya, A. (2024). Enhancing deliberation with digital democratic innovations. Philosophy & Technology, 37(1), 3 / Nam, T. (2011). Whose e-democracy? The democratic divide in American electoral campaigns. Information Polity, 16(2), 131–150 / Novelli, C., & Sandri, G. (2024). Digital democracy in the age of artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2412.07791 / Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(4), 405–422 / Rahman, M. H., Albaloshi, S. A., & Sarker, A. E. (2023). From e-governance to smart governance: Policy lessons for the UAE. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 5075–5087). Springer International Publishing / Spirakis, G., Spiraki, C., & Nikolopoulos, K. (2010). The impact of electronic government on democracy: e-democracy through e-participation. Electronic Government, An International Journal, 7(1), 75–88

1. 'Political participation', institutions and governance
2. 'E-participation, e-governance and e-democracy'
3.' Digital activism'
4. 'Policing protest in the digital age' (new technologies in police control of conflict and public order)
5. 'Digital parties and populism'
6. 'The digital design of democracy and participation'
7. 'Digital citizenship and digital democracy' (Public sphere and digital public sphere)
8. 'The impact of AI on politics and the policies of AI regulation'
9. 'The fruition and production of digital political content and their potential inequalities'
10. Studying political participation in the digital age

ASSESSMENT THROUGHOUT THE SEMESTER

- Each week, one or more groups of students present a piece of work which can be: a project of the social network of a social movement or other political actor; a call for an online demonstration; creating/inventing an online activist group or a new party; a short digital ethnography, a critical discussion of a text, an analysis of an event, etc. (40% of the final grade)
- A written assignment is due in the last class. Students can choose between two options: a test on the subjects covered during the classes or a short essay on a specific topic. In the latter case, students must refer to at least 3 texts from the bibliography (the topic of the short essay is suggested by the teacher). (60% of the final grade)

ASSESSMENT BY EXAM (1st season, 2nd season, special season)

Essay on at least 6 readings from the bibliography: 100% of the final mark.

To successfully complete a curricular unit with a pass grade, the student must obtain a
minimum final grade of 10 points

Mandatory

Beissinger, M. 2017 'Conventional and 'Virtual Civil Societies in Autocratic Regimes, Comparative Politics 49(3): 351-371
Casteltrione, I. and M. Pieczka. 2019. 'Mediating the contributions of Facebook to political participation in Italy and the UK', Palgrave Communications 4(1): 56-56
Chiarini and S. Evans. 2019. 'Empowering political participation through artificial intelligence', Science and Public Policy 46(3): 369-380
Dalton, R, and H. Klingemann. 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, Oxford: OUP
Edwards, Lilian. 2022. The EU AI Act: a summary of its significance and scope, Disponível online
Hennen, L. et al. 2020. European E-Democracy in Practice, NYC: Springer.
McIlwain, C. 2020. Black Software. The Internet & Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Teocharis, Y., et al 2019. 'Digitally Networked Participation and Lifestyle Politics as New Modes of Political Participation', Policy and Internet 13(1): 30-53

Optional

Accornero Guya and Pedro Ramos Pinto. 2015. '"Mild Mannered?" Protest and Mobilisation in Portugal under Austerity, 2010-2013'. West European Politics 38 (3): 491-515.
Accornero, G. 2017. ‘The Mediation of the Portuguese Anti-Austerity Protest Cycle. Media Coverage and its Impact’, in Media Representations of Anti-Austerity Protests in the EU: Grievances, Identities and Agency, ed. by Tao Papaioannou and Suman Gupta. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 165-188
Accornero, Guya, and O. Fillieule. 2016. ‘So many as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the sand which is by the sea shore innumerable’, in Social Movement Studies in Europe. The State of the Art, ed. by Olivier Fillieule and Guya Accornero. Oxford/New York, Berghahn, pp. 1-18
Adut, A. 2012. A Theory of the Public Sphere, Sociological Theory 30(4) 238262
Bosi, L. and L. Zamponi. 2015. ‘Direct Social Actions And Economic Crises. The Relationship Between Forms Of Action And Socio- Economic Context In Italy’, Partecipazione e Conflitto 8(2): 367-391.
Brooker, P. et al. 2018. ‘Researching with Twitter timeline data: A demonstration via everyday sociopolitical talk around welfare provision’, Big Data & Society 113
Cardoso, G. et al. 2017. ‘Social Movements, participation and crisis in Europe’, in Europe’s crisis, ed. by Manuel Castells, Olivier Bouin, Joao Caraca, Gustavo Cardoso, John Thompson and Michel Wieviorka. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 405-427
Choi, M. 2016. ‘A Concept Analysis of Digital Citizenship for Democratic Citizenship Education in the Internet Age’, Theory & Research in Social Education 44(4): 565-607.
Colebatch, H.K. 2014. ‘Making Sense of Governance’, Policy and Society 33(4): 307-316
De Blasio, E. and M. Sorice. 2018. ‘Populism between direct democracy and the technological myth’, Palgrave Communication 4(15): 1-11.
Della Porta, D. 2015. Social movements in times of austerity : bringing capitalism back into protest analysis, Hoboken: Wiley, chapter 4-5.
Della Porta, D. and M. Diani. Social Movements. An Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley, pp. 93-121, pp. 164-191, pp. 194-218.
Dencik, L., A. Hintz, and Z. Carey. 2018. ‘Prediction, pre-emption and limits to dissent: Social media and big data uses for policing protests in the United Kingdom’, New Media & Society 20 (4): 14331450
Dolata, U. and J.F. Schrape. 2016. ‘Masses, Crowds, Communities, Movements: Collective Action in the Internet Age’, Social Movement Studies 15(1): 1-18
Earl, J. and Kimport, K. 2013. Digitally Enabled Social Change. Activism in the Internet Age. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT, Intro and chater 2.
Fillieule, O. 2015. ‘Demobilization and Disengagement in a Life Course Perspective’, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements, Oxford, Oxford University Press: 277-288.
Gerbaudo, P. 2017. ‘The indignant citizen: anti-austerity movements in southern Europe and the anti-oligarchic reclaiming of citizenship’, Social Movement Studies 16(1): 36-50
Gerbaudo, P. 2018. ‘Social media and populism: an elective affinity’, Media, Culture & Society 40(5): 745-753.
Govil, N. and A.K. Baishya. 2018. ‘The Bully in the Pulpit: Autocracy, Digital Social Media, and Right-wing Populist Technoculture’, Communication Culture & Critique 11: 67-84.
Habermas, J. 1995. ‘Três modelos normativos de democracia’, Lua Nova 36: 39-53.
Hale, S.A et. al. 2018. ‘How digital design shapes political participation: A natural experiment with social information’, PLoS ONE 13(4): e0196068.
Halupka, M. 2016. ‘Dont knock clicktivism: it represents the political participation aspirations of the modern citizen, DemocraticAudit; and Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic’, Policy and Internet 6(2): 115-132
Hupe, P. and A. Edwards, 2012. ‘The accountability of power: Democracy and governance in modern times’, European Political Science Review 4(2): 177194
Jasper, James, and Jan Duyvendak. 2015. Breaking Down the State. Protestors Engaged with Authorities. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, chapters Introduction and 4.
Joyce, M. ed. 2010. Digital Activism Decoded. The New Mechanics of Change. NYC: International Debate Education Association.
Kaase, M. 2007. ‘Perspectives on Political Participation’, in The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, edited by Russell J. Dalton and Hans Dieter Klingemann. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klein, A. 2015. ‘Vigilante Media: Unveiling Anonymous and the Hacktivist Persona in the Global Press’, Communication Monographs 82(3): 379-401.
Koopmans, R. 2007. ‘Social Movements’, in The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, edited by R. J. Dalton and H.D. Klingemann. Oxford: OUP.
Kriesi, Hanspeter and Takkis Papas. 2015. Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession, Colchester: ECPR Press (chap. 10-11)
Lane, J. 2016. ‘The Digital Street: An Ethnographic Study of Networked Street Life in Harlem’, American Behavioral Scientist 60(1) 43 58
Lindquist, E. and I. Huse, 2017. ‘Accountability and monitoring government in the digital era: Promise, realism and research for digital-era governance’, Canadian Public Administration 60(4): 627-656.
Luhtakallio, E. and N. Eliasoph. 2014. ‘Ethnography of Politics and Political Communication: Studies in Sociology and Political Science’, The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, pp. 1-11.
McDonald, K. 2015. ‘From Indymedia to Anonymous: rethinking action and identity in digital cultures’, Information, Communication & Society 18(8): 968-928.
Parvin, P. 2018. ‘Democracy Without Participation: A New Politics for a Disengaged Era’, Res Publica 24: 31-52
Pink, S. et al. 2016. Digital Ethnography. Principles and Preactice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Poell, T. 2019. ‘Social media, temporality, and the legitimacy of protest’, Social Movement Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2019.1605287
Sassen, S. 1996. Losing Control Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization, Intro of Losing Control: Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization, NYC: Columbia University Press.
Savaget, P., T. Chiarini and S. Evans. 2019. ‘Empowering political participation through artificial intelligence’, Science and Public Policy 46(3): 369380
Schäfer, M. 2015. ‘Digital Public Sphere’, in Mazzoleni, Gianpietro et al. (2015, Eds.): The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication. London: Wiley Blackwell. Pp. 322-328.
Schroeder, R. 2018. ‘Digital media and the rise of right-wing populism’, in Social Theory after the Internet. Media, Technology, and Globalization. London: UCL Press, pp. 60-81 (full book available here: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10040801/1/Social-Theory- after-the-Internet.pdf)
Tarrow, S. 2011. Power in Movement. Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-29; pp. 196-2014
Torcal, M. 2014. ‘The Decline of Political Trust in Spain and Portugal: Economic Performance or Political Responsiveness’, American Behavioral Scientist 58(12): 1542-1567
Trmayne, M. 2014. ‘Anatomy of Protest in the Digital Era: A Network Analysis of Twitter and Occupy Wall Street’, Social Movement Studies 13(1): 110-126.
Vicari, S. 2013. ‘Public reasoning around social contention: A case study of Twitter use in the Italian mobilization for global change’, Current Sociology 61(4) 474490
Waisbord, S. and A. Amado. 2017. ‘Populist communication by digital means: presidential Twitter in Latin America, Information’, Communication & Society 20(9): 1330-1346.

The contents of this course combine plans for theoretical information,conceptual clarification and systematization and questioning of the contemporary trends in the areas to which it is related,around the following plans.
1Conceptual delineation and exploration of the issues that arise from the link between,on one hand,modes of communication and information,and on the other,the understandings of politics and democracy.
2Developing specific themes on the poles of communication and politics and their relationship, giving examples: the times and the trends identified in contemporary political communication; communication, power and politics; media and public awareness;media, democracy and citizenship;politics,emotion and reason;political communication,image and substance;information,spectacle and entertainment;journalism and spin doctoring;network communication and political decision;Internet, mobile communications and citizenship; algorithmic politics and artificial intelligence

Students can choose to be assessed throughout the semester or by final exam.

The assessment of the knowledge acquired is based on an appreciation of participation and intervention in the different sessions (10%), an individual test in class (50%), a group presentation on one of the topics covered in class and the consequent preparation of a written assignment to be handed in at the end of the semester (40%).

The presentation and the assignment should be based on a literature review focused on the chosen topic, an empirical object of analysis to be assessed also through comparison with other similar cases of political communication.

The work can also focus on the design of a political communication campaign with practical applications to electoral, governance or protest contexts, accompanied by a theoretical justification in the form of a descriptive memoir of the options taken.

In the assessment by final exam, the mark obtained in the exam will correspond to 100% of the UC mark.

Mandatory

CARDOSO, GUSTAVO (2024). Networked Communication. People are the Message, Lisboa, Mundos Sociais.

CARDOSO, G., SANTOS, S. & TELO, D. (2016). Jornalismo em tempos de crise. Lisboa. Mundos Sociais.

CASTELLS,M. (2009) Communication Power, Oxford U Press

MARCUS,G. (2002) Emotion in democratic politics, Pennsylvania U Press

LILLEKER,G. (2006) Key Concepts in Political Communication, Sage

Optional

Arpan, L. M. et al. (2011), “Perceptions of Bias in Political Content in Late Night Comedy
Programs”, Electronic News, 5(3), pp. 158-173, doi: 10.1177/1931243111421765.

Alcott, H. e GENTZKOW, M. (2017), “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election”,
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), pp. 211-236, doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.211.

Beckett, C. (2010), The value of networked journalism, Londres, POLIS, London School of
Economics and Political Science , disponível em: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/31050

Berry, J. M. e Sobieraj, S. (2014), The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Balmas, M. (2014), “When Fake News Becomes Real: Combined Exposure to Multiple News Sources and Political Attitudes of Inefficacy, Alienation, and Cynicism”, Communication Research, 41(3), pp. 430-454, doi: 10.1177/0093650212453600.

Bourdieu, P. (2005), “The Political Field, The Social Science Field, and Journalistic Field”, em Benson, R.and Neveu, E. (eds.), Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, Cambridge, Reino Unido,Polity.

Blumler & Kavanagh(1999) The Third Age of Political Communication Political Communication, 16:209?230

Bennett & Entman (Eds)(2001) Mediated Politics, Cambridge U Press

Correia, João Carlos (2004), Comunicação e cidadania - Os media e a fragmentação do espaço público nas sociedades pluralistas, Lisboa, Livros Horizonte.

Calhoun, Craig (1992), Habermas and the public sphere, Cambridge, The MIT Press.

Coleman & Blamer (2009) The Internet and Democratic Citizenship, Cambridge U Press

Dahlgren,P. (2009) Media and political engagement, Cambridge U Press

de Vreese, C. H. et al. (2018), “Populism as an expression of political communication
content and style: a new perspective”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4),
pp. 423-438, doi: 10.1177/1940161218790035.

Dobber, T. et al. (2021), “Do (microtargeted), deepfakes have real effects on political attitudes?”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), pp. 69-91, doi: 10.1177/1940161220944364.

Esteves, João Pissarra (2005), O Espaço Público e os Media. Sobre a Comunicação entre Normatividade e Facticidade, Lisboa, Edições Colibri, FCSH-UNL.

Edy, J. A. Snidow, S. M. and Rozzell, B. L. (2016), “Authenticating the political”,
Journalism Studies, 17(2), 247-262, doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2014.974992.

Esser, F. (2008), “Dimensions of Political News Cultures: Sound Bite and Image Bite News
in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States”, The International Journal of
Press/Politics, 13(4), pp. 401-428, doi: 10.1177/1940161208323691.

Forelle, M. (2015), “Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela”,
SSRN, disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2635800

Gingras, Anne-Marie e Jean Pierre Carrier (1996), "Public Opinion: Construction and Persuasion", Canadian Journal of Communication, 21 (4).

Garcia, José Luís (2002), "O fogo e a cultura pan-mediática contemporânea", Media & Jornalismo, 1, pp.129-139

Golding, P. (1990), “Political Communication and Citizenship: The Media and Democracy
in an Inegalitarian Social Order”, em Ferguson, M. (ed.), Public Communication. The
New Imperatives, Thousand Oaks, Sage.

Halpern, D. e Gibbs, J. (2013), “Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation?
Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression”,
Computers in Human Behavior, 29, pp. 1159-1168, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008.

Hameleers, M. e van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2020), “Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?”, Communication Research, 47(2), pp. 227-250, doi: 10.1177/0093650218819671.

Hargittai, E. (2007), “The Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Dimensions of Search Engines: An Introduction”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, pp. 769-777, doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00349.x.

Held, D. (1989), Political Theory and the Modern State, Cambridge, Polity Press.

Hrdinovà, Jana et al (2010) ?Designing social media policy for government? Center for Technology in Government, State University of New York

Habermas, Jürgen (2006), "Political Communication in Media Society - Does Democracy still enjoy an epistemic dimension? The impact of normative theory on empirical research", Communication Theory, 16(4), pp. 411-426.

Habermas, Jürgen (1989 [1962]), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, Polity Press.

Jensen, J. L. (2013), “Political participation online: the replacement and the mobilisation
hypotheses revisited”, Scandinavian Political Studies, 36, pp. 347-364,
doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12008.


Jensen, J. L. (2005), “Political participation online: the internet as a social and political
field”, em S., Oates, D. Owen and R. Gibson (eds.), Civil Society, Democracy and the
Internet: A Comparative Perspective, Oxford, Routledge.

Kahne, J., Lee, N., and Feezell, J. (2012), “Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation”, International Journal Of Communication, 6, 24, disponível em: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/999/675

Kushnir, O. (2022), “The great dichotomy: How experiences of history and transcendence explain Ukraine’s political life”, New Perspectives, 30(1), pp. 119-139,
doi: 10.1177/2336825X211066449.


Lichter, S. R. (2017), “Theories of media bias”, em Kenski, K. e Jamieson, K. H. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of political communication, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Luebke, S. M. (2021), “Political Authenticity: Conceptualization of a Popular Term”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(3), pp. 635-653, doi: 10.1177/1940161220948013.

Luebke, S. M. e Engelmann, I. (2022), “Do we know politicians” true selves from the media? exploring the relationship between political media exposure and perceived political authenticity”, Social Media + Society, doi: 10.1177/20563051221077030.


Marsh, D., Hart, P. e Tindall, K. (2010), “Celebrity Politics: The Politics of the Late Modernity?”, Political Studies Review, 8(3), pp. 322-340, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9302.2010.00215.x.


Maurer, P. & Beiler, M. (2018), “Networking and political alignment as strategies to control the news”, Journalism Studies, 19(14), pp. 2024-2041, doi:10.1080/1461670X.2017.1310627.

Moffitt, B. (2016), The Global Rise Of Populism: Performance, Political Style, And Representation, Redwood, Stanford University Press.

Moffitt, B. e Tormey, S. (2014), “Rethinking populism: politics, mediatisation and political style”, Political Studies, 62(2), pp. 381-397, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12032.

Nieborg, D. B. e Helmond, A. (2019), “The political economy of Facebook’s platformization in the mobile ecosystem: Facebook Messenger as a platform instance”, Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), pp. 196-218, doi: 10.1177/0163443718818384.


Norris, P. (2000), A Virtuous Circle? Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Nyhan, B., et al. (2020), “Taking fact-checks literally but not seriously? The effects of journalistic fact-checking on factual beliefs and candidate favorability”, Political Behavior, 42(3), pp. 939-960, doi: 10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x.

Negrine & Stanyer (Eds.) (2007)The Political Communication Reader, Rout

McQuail, Denis (2000), Mass Communication theory, 4th edition, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage Publications.

McQuail, Denis (1998), "Commercialization and beyond", em Denis McQuail and Karen Siune (eds), Media Policy. Convergence, concentration and commerce. Euromedia research group. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage Publications.

Peña, A. M. (2021), “Activist parties and hybrid party behaviours: a typological reassessment of partisan mobilisation”, Political Studies Review, 19(4), pp. 637-655, doi: 10.1177/1478929920952000.

Peterson, E. e Iyengar, S. (2021), “Partisan gaps in political information and information-seeking behavior: motivated reasoning or cheerleading?”, American Journal of Political Science, 65, pp. 133-147. doi: 10.1111/ajps.1253.

Prior, M. (2005), “News vs. entertainment: how increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout”, American Journal of Political Science, 49, pp. 577-592, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x.

Rai, S. M. (2015), “Political performance: a framework for analysing democratic politics”, Political Studies, 63(5), pp. 1179-1197, doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12154.

Rhodes, S. C. (2022), “Filter Bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news: how social media conditions individuals to be less critical of political misinformation”, Political Communication, 39(1), 1-22, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887.

Rossini, P. et al. (2021), “Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections”, New Media & Society, 23(8), pp. 2430-2451, doi: 10.1177/1461444820928059.

Salgado, S. (2019), “Where’s populism? Online media and the diffusion of populist discourses and styles in Portugal”, European Political Science 18, pp. 53-65, doi: 10.1057/s41304-017-0137-4.

Schertges, C. (2007), “Political news and political consciousness”, Policy Futures in Education, 5(3), pp. 345-356, doi: 10.2304/pfie.2007.5.3.345.

Selva, D. (2016), “Social television: audience and political engagement”, Television & New Media, 17(2), pp. 159-173, doi: 10.1177/1527476415616192.

Sobieraj, S. e Berry, J. M. (2011), “From incivility to outrage: political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news”, Political Communication, 28(1), 19-41, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.

Street, J. (2004), “Celebrity politicians: popular culture and political representation”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6 (4): 435-452,
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.0014.

Street, J. (2005), “Politics lost, politics transformed, politics colonised? Theories of the impact of mass media”, Political Studies Review, 3(1), pp. 17-33,
doi: 10.1111/j.1478-9299.2005.00017.x.

Street, J. (2019), “What is Donald Trump? Forms of ‘Celebrity’ in Celebrity Politics”, Political Studies Review, 17(1), pp. 3-13, doi: 10.1177/1478929918772995.

Strömbäck, J. (2008), “Four phases of mediatization: an analysis of the mediatization of politics”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), pp. 228-246,
doi: 10.1177/1940161208319097.

Stromer-Galley, J. et al. (2021), “Political messaging over time: a comparison of us presidential candidate Facebook posts and tweets in 2016 and 2020”, Social Media + Society, doi: 10.1177/20563051211063465.

Taplin, J. (2006a), “The politics of the future; the american crisis, Moore’s Law & The Third Way”, Speech delivered at The Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, May 7, disponível em: http://www.rcf.usc.edu/~jtaplin/ThePoliticsofTheFuture.pdf

Thompson, J. B. (2000), Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age, Cambridge, Polity Press.

Thorson, E. (2016), “Belief echoes: the persistent effects of corrected misinformation”, Political Communication, 33(3), pp. 460-480, doi: 10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187.

Thorson, K. (2012), “What does it mean to be a good citizen? Citizenship vocabularies as resources for action”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 644(1), pp. 70-85, doi: 10.1177/0002716212453264.

Tucker, J. A., et al. (2018), “social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature”, disponível em SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144139

Vaccari, C., and Chadwick, A. (2020), “Deepfakes and disinformation: exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news”, Social Media + Society. doi:10.1177/2056305120903408.

Valentino, N. A., Beckmann, M. N. e Buhr, T. A. (2001), “A Spiral of Cynicism for Some: The Contingent Effects of Campaign News Frames on Participation and Confidence in Government”, Political Communication, 18(4), 347-367, doi: 10.1080/10584600152647083.

Weeks, B. E., and Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2021), “What’s next? six observations for the future of political misinformation research”, American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), pp. 277-289, doi: 10.1177/0002764219878236.

Wheeler. Mark (2013), Celebrity Politics: Image and Identity in Contemporary Political Communications, Cambridge, Polity.

Woodard, J. D. (1993), “The Race for the Presidency: Coverage of Elections on Evening Television News Shows — 1972-1992”, Journal of Political Science, 21(1) , Article 4,
disponível em: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol21/iss1/4

1. Research as a producer of knowledge to know and/or to intervene.
1.1. Empirical research as theoretically oriented.
1.2. Research as problem solving: diagnosis, evaluation, intervention.
1.3. Ethics in different types of research.

2. How to design a research project and/or intervention.
2.1. Formulation of the problem and definition of objectives.
2.2. Conceptualization.
2.3. Operationalization and observation.
2.4. Project's design.

3. Methodological strategies.
3.1. Adequacy of the methodological strategies to the objectives of tthe research.
3.2. Extensive research: large surveys, statistical databases, etc..
3.3. Intensive research: case studies, field research, participant observation, ethnographic approach, etc.
3.4. Action research and social intervention.
3.5. Comparative research: objectives and problems of comparison.
3.6. Mixed methods.

The learning process proceeds trough theoretical-practical classes, seminar presentations and debate (which are given prevalence), tutorials and students' autonomous work.

|

Evaluation along the semester, comprising the following components:
(a) Class participation and presentation of the research and/or intervention project (35%)
b) Final written work: research project and/or intervention (65%).
OR
Final assessment, consisting of a final written work: research project and/or intervention, complemented with an oral discussion, if the teacher considers necessary (100%).

The evaluation of this course does not include a final exam.

Mandatory

Ragin, C2019Constructing social research.Pine Forge.
Quivy, R&Champenhoud,L2003Manual de Investigação em Ciências Sociais.Gradiva.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. 2023 Practical Research: Planning and Design. Pearson. 
Della Porta, D&M Keating, eds 2008 Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences.CUP.
Creswell, JW 2003 Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.Sage.
Chen, H 2015 Practical program evaluation: theory-driven evaluation and the integrated evaluation perspective.Sage.
Capucha, L 2008 Planeamento e avaliação de projectos: guião prático.DGIDC.
Campenhoudt, L van 2003 Introdução à análise dos fenómenos sociais.Gradiva.
Booth, Wayne C. et al 2016 The Craft of Research.The University of Chicago Press.
Burgess, R 2001 A pesquisa de terreno.Celta.
Bryman, A 2016 Social Research Methods.UP.
Blaikie, N 2007 Approaches to social enquiry.Polity Press.
Alasuutari, P, Bickman, L., and Brannen, J. 2008 Sage Handbook on Social Research Methods. Sage.

Optional

Whyte, William Foote (ed.) (1991) Participatory Action Research. London: Sage Publications.
Turner, Jonathan (2005) "A new approach for theoretically integrating micro and macro analysis", in Craig Calhoun, C. Rojek,B. Turner (Ed.) , The Sage Handbook of Sociology. London: Sage Publications.
Roberts, B. 2007 Getting the Most Out of the Research Experience. London: Sage.
Turner, F J. (2005). Social Work Diagnosis in Contemporary Practice. New York, Oxford: University Press.
Silverman, D (ed.) (2011) Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
Scott, J. (1990) A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Schiefer, U, et al. (2007) Método aplicado de planeamento e Avaliação. Manual de Planeamento e Avaliação de Projectos. Estoril: Editora Principia.
Ragin, C C. (1987) The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
Oyen, Else (1990) Comparative methodology. Theory and practice in international social research. London: Sage.
Patton, M. (2018) Facilitating evaluation: principles in practice. Sage Thousand Oaks.
Kettner, P., Moroney, R. & Martin, L. (2016). Designing and managing programs: an effectiveness-based approach. (5nd. Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Iphofen, R., Ed. (2020) Handbook of Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity. Springer.
Ghiglione, R & Matalon, B (1992) O Inquérito. Teoria e Prática. Oeiras: Celta Editora.
Foddy, William (1996) Como perguntar. Teoria e Prática da construção de perguntas para entrevistas e questionários. Oeiras: Celta Editora.
European Institute of Public Administration (2004) Improving an organization through self-assessment? common assessment framework. Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration.
Dogan, M & Pelassy, D (1990, 1984) How to Compare Nations. Strategies in Comparative Politics. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers.
Carvalho, H (2004) Análise Multivariada de Dados Qualitativos. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Calley, N. (2011). Program development in the 21st Century: an evidence-based approach to design, implementation and evaluation. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Brannen, J (2005) Mixed methods research: a discussion paper, Economic & Social Research Council, National Centre for Research Methods. URL: http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/89/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-005.pdf
Brady, H E & Collier, D (2004) Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools Shared Standards. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Booth, W C, Colomb, G G e Williams, J M (2003) The Craft of Research. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bertaux, D. (2020) As narrativas de vida. Lisboa: Mundos Sociais.
Beckett, C (2010) Assessment and intervention in social work. Sage Publications: London.
Na medida em que o desenho de pesquisa pode ter algumas especificidades em função da área científica de pesquisa, listam-se abaixo algumas sugestões de suporte bibliográfico.
Becker, Howard S. (2017) Evidence, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Mestrado em Sociologia
Shaw, I, Briar-Lawson, K, Orme, J & Ruckdeschel, R 2010 The Sage Handbook of Social Work Research. Londres: Sage.
Hardwick, L et al (eds) 2017 Innovations in Social Work Research. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Bell, L 2017 Research methods for Social Workers. Londres: Palgrave.
Mestrado em Serviço Social
Toshkov, D 2016 Research Design in Political Science. London: Palgrave.
Howard, C 2017 Thinking Like a Political Scientist: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Filho, Dalson Britto Figueiredo; Paranhos, Ranulfo; Rocha, Enivaldo Carvalho da; Silva Junior, José Alexandre da; Santos, Manoel Leonardo Wanderley Duarte 2012 Levando Gary King a Sério: Desenhos de Pesquisa em Ciência Política. In Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Política 3 (1-2), pp. 86-117.
Capucha, L. e Caramelo, S. (2024). Ciências Sociais Aplicadas - Planeamento e Avaliação de Políticas Públicas. Coimbra: Almedina.
Bukve, O 2019 Designing Social Science Research. Cham: Palgrave.
Mestrado em Políticas Públicas
Treadwell, D, & Davis, A 2016 Introducing communication research: Paths of inquiry. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 3ª ed.
Silverman, D. (2017) Doing Qualitative Research. Londres: Sage. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/doing-qualitative-research/book251108
Quan-Haase, A., & Sloan, L. (eds.). 2022 The SAGE handbook of social media research methods. Sage.
Kubitschko, S., & Kaun, A. (eds). 2016 Innovative methods in media and communication research. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hine, C. (2017). Digital Ethnography. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, B.S. Turner (Ed.).
Berger, A. A. 2018 Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Mestrado em Gestão dos Novos Media
Klotz, A & Prakash, D (eds) 2008 Qualitative methods in International Relations: A pluralist guide. New York: Palgrave (v. plataforma moodle).
Sprinz, D F & Wolinsky, Y (eds.) 2004 Cases, numbers and models: International Relations research methods. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. (Em linha: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89c3/34b5c514acb817b8862dcdf675bd7d4863de.pdf
https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/71316_Lamont_Research_Methods_in_International_Relations_Chapter_1.pdf).
Lamont, C 2015 Research methods in International Relations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications (capitulo 1 on-line em:
Mestrado em Estudos Internacionais
Stein, T. S., Bathurst, J. R., & Lasher, R. 2022 Performing arts management: A handbook of professional practices. Simon and Schuster.
Quan-Haase, A., & Sloan, L. (Eds.). 2022 The SAGE handbook of social media research methods. Sage.
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. 2010 Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons.
Mestrado em Estudos e Gestão da Cultura
Zeleza, T (ed) 2007 The study of Africa. The global and transnational engagements (Vol II). Dakar: CODESRIA.
Zeleza, T (ed) 2006 The Study of Africa. Disciplinary and interdisciplinary encounters (Vol I). Dakar: CODESRIA.
Ouédraogo, J-B & Cardoso, C (ed) 2011 Readings in methodology: African Perspectives. Dakar: CODESRIA. Em linha: https://www.codesria.org/spip.php?article1502&lang=en
Mestrado em Estudos Africanos
Amado, J. (Org.). (2013). Manual de investigação qualitativa em educação. Coimbra: Imprensa da UC.
Bogdan, R & Biklen, S 1994 Investigação qualitativa em educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto: Porto Editora.Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th Ed.). London: Routledge.
Dal-Farra, R. A. & Lopes P. T. C. (2013). Métodos mistos de pesquisa em educação: pressupostos teóricos, Nuances: estudos sobre Educação, 24(3), 67-80.
Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2012). Educational research. Competencies for analysis and applications. Columbus, OH: Pearson.
Tuckman, B. (2005). Manual de investigação em Educação. Lisboa: F.C.G.
Mestrado em Educação e Sociedade
Treadwell, D, & Davis, A 2016 Introducing communication research: Paths of inquiry. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 3ª ed.
Quan-Haase, A., & Sloan, L. (eds.). 2022 The SAGE handbook of social media research methods. Sage.
Kubitschko, S., & Kaun, A. (eds). 2016 Innovative methods in media and communication research. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Berger, A. A. 2018 Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Mestrado em Comunicação, Cultura e Tecnologias da Informação
Se necessário, solicitar referências adicionais ao/à(s) docente(s).
Mestrado em Ciências do Trabalho e Relações Laborais
Pollock III, Philip H.& Edwards, B C 2019 The Essentials of political analysis. 6ªed., Washington D.C.: CQ Press.
Silverman, D (2018) Doing qualitative research. Los Angeles: Sage.
Johnson, J B & Reynolds, H T 2020 Political Science research methods, 9ª ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
Mestrado em Ciência Política
Se necessário, solicitar referências adicionais ao/à(s) docente(s).
Mestrado em Administração Escolar
Se necessário, solicitar referências adicionais ao/à(s) docente(s).
Mestrado em Ação Humanitária

1. Formulating the Research Question
How to define a clear and relevant research question
2. Literature Review
How to find relevant literature
Identifying gaps in existing knowledge
Structuring and writing the literature review
3. Formulating Hypotheses
Constructing hypotheses and identifying variables
4. Designing the Research Plan
Choosing the most suitable method
Selecting the sample and data collection instruments
Defining the study phases
5. Challenges in Empirical Data Collection
Main difficulties and limitations in fieldwork
Strategies to overcome obstacles in data collection
Ethical issues in research
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation
Methods for data processing, analysis and visualization
How to relate findings to existing literature
Reflection on theoretical and practical implications
7. Writing the Dissertation
Structure and organization
How to write clearly and objetively
Citation and bibliographic referencing norms

The dissertation will be evaluated by a jury in a public examination, after the supervisor has confirmed that the work is completed and is ready to be publicly presented and discussed. The evaluation will be based on the study's scientific merit and its theoretical and methodological appropriateness.

Mandatory

Powner, L. C. (2014). Empirical research and writing: A political science student’s practical guide. CQ Press / Milardo, R. M. (2014). Crafting scholarship in the behavioral and social sciences: Writing, reviewing, and editing. Routledge / Lewis, C. A. (2009). Writing empirical research reports: A basic guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 30(3/4), 231 / Lunenburg, F. C., & Irby, B. J. (2008). Writing a successful thesis or dissertation: Tips and strategies for students in the social and behavioral sciences. Corwin Press / Knopf, J. W. (2006). Doing a literature review. PS: Political Science & Politics, 39(1), 127–132
Baglione, L. A. (2018). Writing a research paper in political science: A practical guide to inquiry, structure, and methods. CQ Press / Fallon, F. (2016). Writing up quantitative research in the social and behavioral sciences. Springer / Galvan, J. L., & Galvan, M. C. (2017). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. Routledge / Galvan, M. C., & Pyrczak, F. (2023). Writing empirical research reports: A basic guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. Routledge / Gerring, J. (2017). Qualitative methods. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 15–36 / Lim, J. M. H., & Luo, X. (2020). Writing research questions and hypotheses: A genre-based investigation into writers’ linguistic resources in social sciences. ESP Today, 8(2), 206–226 / Stockemer, D., Stockemer, G., & Glaeser, J. (2019). Quantitative methods for the social sciences. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing

Optional

Mandatory

Bullock, G., & Hess, D. R. (2021). Defining civically engaged research as scholarship in political science. PS: Political Science & Politics, 54(4), 716–720 / Galvan, J. L., & Galvan, M. C. (2017). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. Routledge / Galvan, M. C., & Pyrczak, F. (2023). Writing empirical research reports: A basic guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. Routledge / Gerring, J. (2017). Qualitative methods. Annual Review of Political Science, 20(1), 15–36 / Powner, L. C. (2014). Empirical research and writing: A political science student’s practical guide. CQ Press / Rothman, J., & Thomas, E. J. (2013). An integrative perspective on intervention research. Intervention Research, 3–24 / Stockemer, D., Stockemer, G., & Glaeser, J. (2019). Quantitative methods for the social sciences. Springer International Publishing / Wagemans, A., & Witschge, T. (2019). Examining innovation as process: Action research in journalism studies. Convergence, 25(2), 209–224

Optional

Greenwood, D. J., & Levin, M. (2006). Introduction to action research: Social research for social change. SAGE publications. Hall, N. A., & Hall, R. (2008). Applied social research. Macmillan Education AU.