Children placed in institutional care face numerous challenges related to their emotional development and well-being. This study explores the social rehabilitation and after-care processes for children in alternative care in Slovakia and Portugal. The research objectives include examining social rehabilitation practices, evaluating after-care support mechanisms, understanding the roles of social workers and caregivers, and studying institutional frameworks promoting positive outcomes for these children. Qualitative research methodology, specifically thematic analysis through semi-structured interviews, was employed. Findings reveal similarities in ethos across both countries, emphasising family reunification and comprehensive support systems. The study analysed the critical components of effective social rehabilitation practices, the types of after-care services provided, and the roles of social workers and caregivers. This study examines the importance of collaboration between organisations and the state in ensuring the protection and well-being of these children. Legal professionals, family support workers, and institutional teams comprising social workers, psychologists, and educators play vital roles in assessing needs, developing care plans, and coordinating services. Despite challenges, institutions in both countries prioritise providing basic needs, educational opportunities, and support for successful academic and personal development. Initiatives like foster parenting have led to positive outcomes like permanent placement and academic success. Social workers' dedication has transformed support systems, facilitating successful reunification and healthy family dynamics. The long-term impact is evident in individuals' successful transitions to adulthood and career pursuits. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive support systems and interventions in fostering positive outcomes for children and families in need, highlighting the potential for implementing best practices in child protection across different contexts.